GENERAL STUDIES: October 2012

Saturday 27 October 2012

India Fact File/FAQ

Q? : YEAR IN WHICH VASCODA GAMA ARRIVED INDIA [ LGS ]
Answer: 1498

Q? : WORLDS HIGHEST BATTLEFIELD IS IN
Answer: INDIA

Q? : WORLDS CHEAPEST CAR IS PRODUCED IN
Answer: INDIA

Q? : WORLDS BIGGEST BANANA GROWER
Answer: INDIA

Q? : WORLD CRICKET CUP ( 2003 ) RUNNER-UP
Answer: INDIA

Q? : WOMENS ASIA CUP CRICKET WINNER
Answer: INDIA

Q? : Whose birthday on 29 August is celebrated as `National Sports Day' in India ? [ Sports , GK ]
Answer: Dhyan Chand

Q? : Who wrote the book Olympics the Indian Story?
Answer: Boria Majundar, Nalini Mehata

Q? : WHO WROTE "DISCOVERY OF INDIA "
Answer: Jawahar Lal Nehru

Q? : WHO WAS THE SECOND PRESIDENT OF INDIA
Answer: Dr S Radhkrishnan

Q? : WHO WAS THE P.M OF INDIA DURING IND-PAK WAR 1971
Answer: Indira Gandhi

Q? : WHO WAS THE ONLY WOMAN CEC IN INDIA
Answer: V.S RAMA DEVI

Q? : Who was the Indian Origin scientist won the Nobel Prize for the year 2009 ?
Answer: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

Q? : Who was the founder of All India Harijan Sabha ?
Answer: Mahathma Gandhi

Q? : WHO WAS THE FIRST PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru

Q? : Who was the first Indian woman to scale the Mount Everest ?
Answer: Bachhendri Pal

Q? : WHO WAS THE FIRST INDIAN TO WIN NOBEL PRIZE?
Answer: Rabindranath Tagore

Q? : Who was the Congress President when India attained Independence ? [ JUNIOR LAB ASSISTANT EXAM ]
Answer: J.B. Kripalani

Friday 26 October 2012

PRATIYOGITA DARPAN

READ ONLINE PRATIYOGITA DARPAN MAGZINE

For read please click RAJESH

RAJESH

NCERT BOOKS

FREE DOWNLOAD HINDI NCERT BOOKS WHICH IS VERY USEFUL TO ALL COMPETATIVE EXAMINATION.
for download books click NCERT.
NCERT

Indian SUPREME COURT

loksZPp U;k;y;

1 . ;g Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k U;k;y; gS A

2 . ;g fnYyh es fLFkr gS A

3 . loksZPp U;k;y; dk xBu ] LFkkiuk ] vf/kdkfjrk ] 'kfDr;ksa ds fofu;eu ls lacaf/kr fof/k fueZk.k dh 'kfDr;kWa Hkkjrh; laln dks izkIr gSA

4 . loksZPp U;k;y; ds xBu laca/kh izko/kku (vuqPNsn 124 ) esa fn;k x;k gS A

5 . loksZPp U;k;y; esa ,d eq[; U;k;/kh’k rFkk 30 vU; U;k;/kh’k gksrs gSa A

Note::-lafo/kku esa ewyr: eq[; U;k;/kh’k lfgr 8 U;k;/kh’k j[kus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ Fkh afdUrq bls 1956 es c<+kdj 11 dh xbZ A bls vkxs c<+krs gq, 1960 esa 14 ] 1978 esa 18 rFkk 1986 esa 26 dh xbZA 21Qjojh 2008 dks U;k;/kh’kksa dh la[;k c<+kdj 30 dj nh xbZ A

6 .bu U;k;/kh’kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vifr djrk gSA

7 loksZPp U;k;y; ds eq[; U;k;/kh’k dk osru 1 00000 rFkk vU; U;k;/kh’k dk osru 90000 gksrk gS A

loksZPp U;k;y; ds U;k;/kh’k ds fy, ;ksX;rk,W+

1 . og Hkkjr dk ukXkfjd gks A

2 . og fdlh mPp U;k;y; ;k nks ;k nks ls vf/kd U;k;y;ksa esa yxkrkj de ls de 5 lkykas rd U;k;/kh’k ds #i esa dke dj pqdk gks A ;k fdlh mPpU;k;y; ;k U;k;y;ksa es 10 lkyksaa rd vf/koDrk jg pqdk gks A(yxkrkj)

3 . loksZPp U;k;y; ds U;k;/kh’k fjVk;j gksus ds ckn Hkkjr es fdlh Hkh U;k;y; ;k fdlh Hkh vf/kdkjh ds lkeus odkyr ugh dj ldrs gSa A

4 . loksZPp U;k;y; ds U;k;/kh’kksa dks jk"Vifr in ,oa xksiuh;rk dh 'kiFk fnykrk gS A

5 .eq[; U;k;/kh’k dks ;g vf/kdkj gksrk gS fd og jk"Vifr dh iwoZ Loh—r ysdj fnYyh ds vfrfjDr dgha Hkh loksZPp U;ky; dh cSBd cqyk ldrk gSA

loksZPp U;k;y; dk {ks=kf/kdkj

izkjafHkd {ks=kf/kdkj ::

1 . Hkkjr la?k rFkk ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds e/; mRiUu fooknksa esa A

2 . nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds chp ,sls fookn esa ]ftles muds oS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa dk iz’u fufgr gS A

Note::-izkjafHkd {ks=kf/kdkj ds varxZr loksZPp U;k;y; dsoy mlh fookn dks fu.kZ; ds fy, Lohdkj djsxk ]ftlesa rF; ;k fof/k dk iz’u 'kkfey gks A

lokZsPp U;k;y; lcls cM+k vihyh; U;k;y; gS A Hkkjr es fLFkr lHkh mPp U;k;y;ksa ds }kjk lquk, x, QSlyksa ds fo:) vihy lquus dk vf/kdkj loksZPp U;k;y; dks gS Ablds varxZr fuEu izdkj ds izdj.kksa dh lquokbZ loksZPp U;k;y; dj ldrk gS ::-1.lkafo/kkfud ] 2 .nhokuh 3. QkStnkjh

ijke’kZnk=h {ks=kf/kdkj ::

vuqPNsn 143 ds varxZr jk"Vifr dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og lkoZtfud egRo ds fooknksa ij loksZPp U;k;y; dk ijke'kZ ekWax ldrk gSAU;k;y; ds ijke’kZ dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djuk jk"Vifr ds foosd ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

iquZfopkj lac/kh {ks=kf/kdkj % %

lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 132 ds vuqlkj lokZPp U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj izkIr gS fd og Lo;a }kjk fn, x, vkns’k ;k fu.kZ; ij iquZfopkj dj lds rFkk ;fn mfpr le>s rksa mlesa vko’;d ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA

vfHkys[k U;k;ky; % %

lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 129 mPpre U;k;ky; dks vfHkys[k U;k;ky; dk LFkku iznku djrk gS fd bl U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; lc txg lkFkh ds #i esa Lohdkj fd, tk,¡xs vkSj bldh izekf.kdrk ds fo"k; esa iz’u ugha fd;k tk,xkA

ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk j{kd ::-

;g Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk j{kd gS A] vuqPNsn 32 loksZPp U;k;y; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd og ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, vko’;d dkjokbZ djs A

Monday 8 October 2012

TURBO C++

For download Turbo C++ Software Click The Word Turbo and Follow Instruction

Turbo c++

Friday 5 October 2012

VITAMIN AND MINERALS

Vitamin and Mineral Table What foods? How does it help?

Vitamin/Mineral	Found in	RDA^a	What it does
Vitamin A (Retinol or Beta-carotene)	Liver, egg yolk, dairy products, margarine. Beta carotene (pro-vitamin A) is found in dark green and deep yellow fruits and vegetables.	5,000 IU^b	Keeps eyes healthy; develops bones; protects linings of respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts; maintains healthy skin and hair. Beta carotene fights free radicals (chemicals that damage cells).
Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine)	Whole grains, cereals and enriched grain products; also legumes (dried beans, peas, and nuts), organ meats, lean pork and eggs.	1.1 - 1.5 mg	Promotes healthy functioning of the nerves, muscles and heart. Metabolizes carbohydrates.
Vitamin B₂ (Riboflavin)	Organ meats, enriched breads and cereals, legumes, almonds, cheese and eggs; also meat, fish and dark green vegetables.	1.3 - 1.7 mg	Metabolizes carbohydrates, fats and proteins, produces hormones; promotes eye and skin health.
Vitamin B₃ (Niacin)	Meat, organ meats, whole grains and cereals, and legumes; also eggs, milk, green leafy vegetables and fish.	15 - 19 mg	Metabolizes carbohydrates and fats; helps functioning of digestive system; maintains health skin.
Vitamin B₅ (Pantothenic Acid)	Organ meats, yeast, raw vegetables, eggs and dairy products.	None; 4 - 7 mg suggested	Produces hormones and maintains body's immune system.
Vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine)	Whole-grain products, poultry, fish, and nuts; also meat, most fruits and vegetables, eggs and dairy products	1.6 - 2 mg	Metabolizes protein; helps produce hemoglobin; promotes functioning of digestive and nervous systems, and healthy skin.
Vitamin B₁₂ (Cyanocobalamin)	Primarily organ meats; also fish, lean meats, poultry, cheese, and eggs.	2 µg	Builds genetic material of cells and produces blood cells.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)	Almost exclusively fruits and vegetables (especially citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, strawberries, and cantaloupe) although breast milk and organ meats contain small amounts.	100 - 200 mg	An antioxidant, fights and resists infection; heals wounds; promotes growth and maintenance of bones, teeth, gums, ligaments and blood vessels.
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)	For most people, sun exposure is the primary source of vitamin D. Food sources include Vitamin D-fortified milk, eggs, fish-liver oils and fatty fish such as herring, mackerel and salmon.	400 IU	Builds strong bones and teeth and maintains the nervous system.
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)	vegetable oils, nuts, wheat germ and whole-wheat products, egg yolks and green leafy vegetables.	Women 8 mg; Men 10 mg	Protects the lungs, nervous system, skeletal muscle and the eye's retina from damage by free radicals; may reduce risk of heart disease by protecting against atherosclerosis.
Vitamin H (Biotin)	Oats, organ meats, yeast and eggs (cooked); also whole-wheat products, dairy products, fish and tomatoes.	None; 30 - 200 µg suggested	Metabolizes proteins and carbohydrates; breaks down fatty acids.
Vitamin K	Dark green leafy vegetables, eggs, cheese, pork and liver.	60 - 80 mg	Promotes normal blood-clotting.
Vitamin M (Folic Acid)	vegetables (especially dark-green ones), organ meats, whole-wheat products, legumes and mushrooms.	180 - 200 µg	Synthesis of protein and genetic materials; may help prevent some cancers, heart disease and stroke; when taken during pregnancy, protects against some birth defects.
Calcium (Ca)	Primarily in milk and dairy products; also dark-green vegetables, legumes, shellfish, fish with edible bones and tofu; also calcium-fortified orange juice.	800 - 1,200 mg	Builds bones and teeth; promotes blood clotting, contraction of muscles and nerve impulses.
Chromium (Cr)	Whole wheat and other whole grains and molasses.	None; 50 - 200 µg suggested	An essential nutrient required for normal sugar and fat metabolism; may also help prevent high cholesterol and atherosclerosis.
Copper (Cu)	Organ meats, shellfish, whole-grain products, legumes and dried fruits.	None; 2 - 3 mg suggested	Builds bones, red blood cells and hemoglobin; metabolizes iron, maintains connective tissue and blood vessels; may play a role in cancer prevention.
Fluoride (F)	Seafood, tea, coffee and soybeans; sodium fluoride is often added to the water supply to prevent tooth decay.	None	Promotes bone and tooth formation; prevents tooth decay.
Iodine (I₂)	Saltwater fish, shellfish, sea kelp and iodized salt.	150 µg	Helps produce thyroid hormones; adequate iodine intake during pregnancy is crucial to normal fetal development.
Iron (Fe)	Iron is poorly absorbed from food. The richest sources are red meat and organ meats; other sources include whole-wheat products, shellfish, nuts and dried fruit. Many breads and cereals are enriched with iron. Vitamin C aids absorption of iron and is often added to iron supplements.	Women 15 mg; Men 10 mg	Helps produce hemoglobin and red blood cells; delivers oxygen to muscles and other body tissues; protects against effects of stress
Magnesium (Mg)	Legumes, whole-grain cereals, nuts and dark-green vegetables; also meat, seafood and dairy products.	Women 280 mg; Men 350 mg	Builds bones and teeth; involved in functioning of muscular and nervous systems and hear and circulatory system.
Manganese (Mn)	Tea, green vegetables, legumes, oats and rice.	2 - 5 mg	Involved in reproductive processes, sex hormone formation; essential for normal brain function and bone development.
Molybdenum (Mo)	Dairy products, legumes, whole-grain cereals and organ meats.	75 - 250 mg	Involved in enzyme activities.
Phosphorus (P)	Meat, fish, eggs, legumes and dairy products; also whole wheat, corn and rice.	1 gram	Builds bones and teeth.
Potassium (K)	Potatoes, dried fruits, bananas, legumes, raw vegetables, avocados and mushrooms; also lean meat, milk and fish.	None; 3.5 grams suggested	Helps nerves and muscles function; regulates heart's rhythm; regulates bodily fluids.
Selenium (Se)	Whole-grain cereals, fish and shellfish, meat and dairy products.	Women 55 µg; Men 70 µg	An antioxidant, helps protect cells and tissues from damage by free radicals; may also protect against some cancers.
Sodium (Na)	Naturally in many foods and is added to many prepared foods.	2,400 mg	Maintains body's fluid balance; important for nerve function and muscle contraction; controls heart's rhythm.
Zinc (Zn)	Shellfish (particularly oysters), organ meats and lean red meat, yeast, whole-grain cereals, and legumes.	Women 12 mg; Men 15 mg	Involved in growth, skin health and wound healing, development of the reproductive organs, protein metabolism and energy production.

Wednesday 3 October 2012

The Gandhian Era (1917-47)

Facts about Gandhi

Birth : October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat. [Note: UNO declared October. 2 as ‘International Non-violence Day’ (Antarrashtriy Ahimsa Diswas)]
Father : Karamchand Gandhi,
Mother: Putali Bai,
Political Guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Private Secretary: Mahadev Desai.
Literary Influence on Gandhi: John Ruskin’s Unto the Last, Emerson, Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy, the Bible and the Gita.
Literary Works : Hind Swaraj (1909), My Experiments with Truth (Autobiography, 1927)-reveals events of Gandhi’s life upto 1922.
As an Editor : Indian Opinion: 1903–15 (in English & Gujarati, for a short period in Hindi & Tamil), Harijan: 1919-31 (in English, Gujarati and Hindi),
Young India: 1933–42 (in English gujarati-named Navjeevan).
Other Names : Mahatma (Saint) - by Rabindranath Tagore, 1917; Malang Baba/Nanga Faqir (Naked Saint) - by Kabailis of Noth-West Frontier, 1930; Indian Faqir/Traitor Faqir-by Winston Churchill, 1931; Half-naked Saint by- Franq Mores, 1931; Rashtrapita (the Father of the Nation)- by Subhash Chandra Bose, 1944.

In South Africa (1893-1914)

1893	Departure of Gandhi to South Africa.
1894	Foundation of Natal Indian Congress.
1899	Foundation of Indian Ambulance Core during Boer Wars.
1904	Foundation of Indian Opinion (magazine) and Phoenix Farm, at Phoenix, near Durban.
1906	First Civil Disobedience Movement (Satyagaraha) against Asiatic Ordiannce in Transvaal.
1907	Satyagraha against Compulsory Registration and Passes for Asians (The Black Act) in Transvaal.
1908	Trial and imprisonment-Johanesburg Jail (First Jail Term).
1910	Foundation of Tolstoy Farm (Later-Gandhi Ashrama), near Johannesburg.
1913	Satyagraha against derecognition of non-Christian marraiges in Cape Town.
1914	Awarded Kaisar-i-Hind for raising an Indian Ambulance Core during Boer wars
1915	Arrived in Bombay (India) on 9 January 1915; Foundation of Satyagraha Ashrama at Kocharab near Ahmedabad (20 May). In 1917, Ashrama shifted at the banks of Sabarmati;
1916	Abstain from active politics (though he attended Lucknow session of INC held in 26–30 December, 1916, where Raj Kumar Shukla, a cultivator from Bihar, requested him to come to Champaran.)
1917	Gandhi entered active politics with Champaran campaign to redress grievances of the cultivators oppressed by Indigo planter of Bihar (April 1917). Champaran Satyagraha was his first Civil Disobedience Movement in India.
1918	cooperation Movement. In Febuary 1918, Gandhi launched the struggle in Ahmedabad which involved industrial workers. Hunger strike as a weapon was used for the first time by Gandhi during Ahmedabad struggle. In March 1918, Gandhi worked for peasants of Kheda in Gujarat who were facing difficulties in paying the rent owing to failure of crops. Kheda Satyagraha was his first Non
1919	Gandhi gave a call for Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act on April 6, 1919 and took the command of the nationalist movement for the first time (First all-India Political Movement), Gandhi returns Kaisar-i-Hind gold medal as a protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre-April 13, 1919; The All India Khilafat Conference elected Gandhi as its president (November 1919, Delhi).
1920-22	Gandhi leads the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement (August 1, 1920–Febuary 1922), Gandhi calls off Movement (Feb. 12, 1922), after the violent incident at Chauri-Chaura on Febuary 5, 1922. Non-Co-operation Movement was the First mass based politics under Gandhi.
1924	Belgaum (Karnataka) session of INC–for the first and the last time Gandhi was elected the president of the Congress.
1925–27	Gandhi retires from active politics for the first time and devotes himself to ‘constructive programme’ of the Congress; Gandhi resumes active politics in 1927.
1930–34	Gandhi launches the Civil Disobedience Movement with his Dandhi march/Salt Satyagraha (First Phase: March 12, 1930–March 5, 1931; Gandhi-Irwin Pact: March 5, 1931; Gandhi attends the Second Round Table Conference in London as sole representative of the Congress: September 7-December. 1, 1931; Second Phase: January 3, 1932-April 17, 1934).
1934–39	Sets up Sevagram (Vardha Ashram).
1940–41	Gandhi launches Individual Satyagraha Movement.
1942	Call to Quit India Movement for which Gandhi raised the slogan, ‘Do or Die’ (Either free India or die in the attempt), Gandhi and all Congress leaders arrested (August 9, 1942).
1942–44	Gandhi kept in detention at the Aga Khan Palace, near Pune (August 9, 1942-May, 1944). Gandhi lost his wife Kasturba (Febuary 22, 1944) and private secretary Mahadev Desai; this was Gandhi’s last prison term.
1946	Deeply distressed by theory of communal violence, as a result Muslim League’s Direct Action call, Gandhi travelled to Noakhali (East Bengal-now Bangladesh) and later on to Calcutta to restore communal peace.
1947	Gandhi, deeply distressed by the Mountbatten Plan/Partition Plan (June 3, 1947), while staying in Calcutta to restore communal violence, observes complete silence on the dawn of India’s Independence (August, 15, 1947). Gandhi returns to Delhi (September 1947).
1948	Gandhi was shot dead by Nathu Ram Godse, a member of RSS, while on his way to the evening prayer meeting at Birla House, New Delhi (January 30, 1948).

GENERAL STUDIES